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             A S I A   P A C I F I C      

      Thursday, February 25, 1999, Vol. 2, No. 39

                    Headlines


* C H I N A   &   H O N G   K O N G *

CATHAY INTERNATIONAL: Moody's downgrades Cathay
GERMAN KITCHEN (CHINA): German Kitchen debt detailed
GUANGZHOU FINANCE: Creditors mull debt restructure
GUANGZHOU INTERNATIONAL: Credit squeeze hurts good and bad
SHENZHEN SPECIAL: Credit squeeze hurts good and bad


* J A P A N *

ASAHI SECURITIES: Asahi Securities to be closed
DAIMARU MARIE PAUL: Daimaru Marie Paul to be liquidated
HOKURIKU BANK: JRII reviews rating for possible downgrade
LONG TERM CREDIT: Gov't hopeful buyer will take loans
MATSUSHITA: Price falls slash Q3 profit by half

MITSUBISHI TRUST: To write off US$4.25b in bad loans
NISSAN MOTOR: DaimlerChrysler to get stake in Nissan Motor
ZEXEL: Bosch takes majority control


* K O R E A *

LG METALS: LME gamble cause of record loss
LOTUS FOOTWEAR: To close up shop in Philippines
P.K. EXPORTS: Temporary shutdown in Philippines


* M A L A Y S I A *

FABER GROUP: In default of RM240m in loans


* P H I L I P P I N E S *

PILIPINO TELEPHONE: PILTEL expects big loss


* S I N G A P O R E *

IPC CORP: Finalising terms of debt revamp
ST CAPITAL: Loss deepens to $33.4m
VICKERS BALLAS: Vickers Ballas net profit nosedives


* T H A I L A N D *

INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORP: Results announcement                
SIAM CEMENT: '99 profit may fall 73% to baht 10.29bn
THAI PETROCHEMICAL: Seeks relief in restructuring


=================================
C H I N A   &   H O N G   K O N G
=================================

CATHAY INTERNATIONAL: Moody's downgrades Cathay
-----------------------------------------------
The Asian Wall Street Journal reported that Moody's
Investor Services reduced its ratings on Cathay
International Ltd.'s $350 million senior notes from B-A-3
to C-AA-1. The notes are due in 2008.  

This action was taken to reflect Cathay International's
substantially weaker than expected operation performance
and concerns over the company's liquidity and ability to
service its bond obligations.  

Moody's also reported that Cathay International is
renegotiating the structure of its projects with Chinese
joint venture partners.  


GERMAN KITCHEN (CHINA): German Kitchen debt detailed
----------------------------------------------------
According to the South China Morning Post, German Kitchen
(China), a principal subsidiary of failed GKC Holdings
facing a liquidation petition, suffered an estimated
deficiency of $594.21 million on October 20, a liquidation
report said. Amounts due to unsecured creditors such as
subsidiaries and banks amounted to $796.72 million on
October 20.


GUANGZHOU FINANCE: Creditors mull debt restructure
--------------------------------------------------
According to the South China Morning Post, creditors of
Guangzhou Finance Co. Ltd. who had filed a winding-up
petition against the company said they were willing to
consider a debt restructuring proposal.

A banker involved said the primary objective was not to
liquidate company but the petition was made partly because
Guangzhou Finance could not provide detailed financial
information to creditors. Bankers had met officials from
the company and the Guangdong government, and sent letters
to Hong Kong Monetary Authority, but progress was very
slow.

The loan carried a letter of support from Gzitic and the
Guangdong Municipal Planning Commission, but does not
mature until next year. The banker said banks decided to
trigger a cross default clause when Gzitic defaulted on its
debt.

Creditors expected Guangzhou Finance to show sufficient
evidence that it would restructure before the hearing in
order to obtain an extension from the court.

The banker said he believed the entire Gzitic group was to
be restructured, not only for Guangzhou Finance in
connection with the US$30 million syndicated loan,
considering that approval had to be obtained from the
central government and from the State Council.


GUANGZHOU INTERNATIONAL: Credit squeeze hurts good and bad
----------------------------------------------------------
According to the South China Morning Post, the closure of
Guangdong International Trust and Investment Corp (Gitic)
has resulted in a credit pullback and liquidity squeeze.

At municipal fund-raiser Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
Development Finance the simultaneous calling-in of overseas
loans and withholding of new borrowing has left the firm
unable to service interest or repay principle on about
US$20 million worth of outstanding lending. A Shenzhen-
based creditor said any company facing a similar bank line
withdrawal will have such a credit squeeze.

Some domestic creditors are moving to seize assets in lieu
of repayment from cash-shy borrowers. In recent weeks,
Gzitic creditors Luoyang Glass and Guangzhou Shipyard have
taken possession of Gzitic property as repayment for
outstanding loans.

Other domestic creditors have turned to the courts for
assistance.

Earlier this month, Shanghai Industrial Investment
(Holdings) filed a High Court writ in Hong Kong against the
investment arm of the Fuzhou municipal government to
collect HK$18.18 million in outstanding lending and
interest.


SHENZHEN SPECIAL: Credit squeeze hurts good and bad
---------------------------------------------------
According to the South China Morning Post, the closure of
Guangdong International Trust and Investment Corp (Gitic)
has resulted in a credit pullback and liquidity squeeze.

At municipal fund-raiser Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
Development Finance the simultaneous calling-in of overseas
loans and withholding of new borrowing has left the firm
unable to service interest or repay principle on about
US$20 million worth of outstanding lending. A Shenzhen-
based creditor said any company facing a similar bank line
withdrawal will have such a credit squeeze.

Some domestic creditors are moving to seize assets in lieu
of repayment from cash-shy borrowers. In recent weeks,
Gzitic creditors Luoyang Glass and Guangzhou Shipyard have
taken possession of Gzitic property as repayment for
outstanding loans.

Other domestic creditors have turned to the courts for
assistance.

Earlier this month, Shanghai Industrial Investment
(Holdings) filed a High Court writ in Hong Kong against the
investment arm of the Fuzhou municipal government to
collect HK$18.18 million in outstanding lending and
interest.


=========
J A P A N  
=========

ASAHI SECURITIES: Asahi Securities to be closed
-----------------------------------------------
The Asian Wall Street Journal reported that Asahi Bank Ltd.
has announced that it will liquidate its domestic
securities subsidiary, Asahi Securities Company. Asahi
Securities will cease operations Monday.  

Asahi will also close its U.K. and Swiss units later as
well.


DAIMARU MARIE PAUL: Daimaru Marie Paul to be liquidated
-------------------------------------------------------
The Asian Wall Street Journal reported that Daimaru Inc.
will post a special 800 million yen loss for the fiscal
year ending February 28 due to its liquidation of its
retail clothing unit, Daimaru Marie Paul. The decision to
liquidate was made because of sluggish sales over the
recent years. Daimaru Marie Paul, which specializes in
women's clothing, will be liquidated this Sunday.  


HOKURIKU BANK: JRII reviews rating for possible downgrade
---------------------------------------------------------
Japan Rating and Investment Information Inc. said Tuesday
that it has placed Hokuriku Bank, a regional bank based in
Toyama, central Japan, under its rating monitor for a
possible downgrade.

The credit rating agency will review the BBB minus rating
assigned to the recognition for the long-term debts of
Hokuriku Bank, JRII said.

Hokuriku Bank is one of the 12 creditor banks of ailing
general contractor Sato Kogyo Co. which were asked to grant
the firm loan forgiveness totaling some 120 billion yen.

Abandoning loans to Sato Kogyo will have a large impact on
the bank, whose annual net business profits only amount to
some 30 billion yen, JRII said. (Jiji Press English News
23-Feb-1999)


LONG TERM CREDIT: Gov't hopeful buyer will take loans
-----------------------------------------------------
Japan's top financial regulator, Hakuo Yanagisawa, said
Tuesday a buyer of Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan should
take over as much loan assets as possible from the
nationalized bank.

Yanagisawa, minister for financial reconstruction, made the
comment at a news conference in reference to the completion
of his Financial Reconstruction Commission's work on
separating bad LTCB assets from good ones.

An LTCB buyer should hopefully take over loans that the
commission decided to leave in the bank's hands as much as
possible, he said.

Yanagisawa expressed his desire to find an LTCB buyer
within three months. The government took over LTCB in
October last year. (Jiji Press English News 23-Feb-1999)


MATSUSHITA: Price falls slash Q3 profit by half
-----------------------------------------------
Japanese consumer electronics giant Matsushita said     
yesterday its third-quarter profit shrank by about half
from a year earlier because of sliding prices for computer
displays and hard disk drives.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co, whose products are sold
under the Panasonic, National and Technics brand names,
said consolidated net profit plunged by 48 per cent year-
on-year in the October-December quarter of the 1998/99
business year, to 20.3 billion yen (S$289.9 million).

Citing "unexpectedly severe business conditions", the
Osaka-based company trimmed its pre-tax profit forecast for
the year to March 1999 by about 7 per cent to 167 billion
yen.

Sales estimates for the year were lowered to 7.5 trillion
yen from its earlier projection of 7.83 trillion yen and
the company cut capital spending for the year by 10 billion
yen to 370 billion yen.

Matsushita posted consolidated net profit of 93.60 billion
yen in 1997/98. (Reuters and Singapore Business Times
24-Feb-1999)


MITSUBISHI TRUST: To write off US$4.25b in bad loans
----------------------------------------------------
Japan's Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corp announced     
yesterday it will write off a stunning US$4.25 billion
(S$7.3 billion) in bad loans, dragging its results into the
red.

Japan's largest trust bank said it was likely to suffer 195
billion yen (S$2.79 billion) in group pre-tax loss in the
year to March, compared with its earlier estimate of 20
billion yen in profit.

The group net loss was expected to reach 190 billion yen,
up from five billion yen forecast earlier. The bank left
its operating income forecast unchanged at 1,020 billion
yen. Together with Japan's largest lender Bank of Tokyo
Mitsubishi Ltd, the trust bank is a key member of the
Mitsubishi group.

At the parent company level, Mitsubishi Trust said it now
expects to post a year to March pre-tax loss of 200 billion
yen, reversing the earlier forecast of a 15 billion yen
pre-tax profit.

The bank said it expects to apply for public fund injection
of 300 billion yen, comprising 200 billion yen in the form
of preference shares and 100 billion yen in subordinated
debt. It expects its capital adequacy ratio to stand at
10.5 per cent. (Agence France-Presse 24-Feb-1999)


NISSAN MOTOR: DaimlerChrysler to get stake in Nissan Motor
----------------------------------------------------------
DaimlerChrysler AG and Nissan Motor Co. have reached
a basic agreement for the German-U.S. auto giant to
purchase an equity stake in the troubled Japanese auto
maker, industry sources said Wednesday.

Officials of the two companies are currently in talks on
the size of the equity stake with the aim of reaching a
final agreement by mid-March that could also cover a tie-up
with Nissan Motor's truck and bus unit, Nissan Diesel Motor
Co., the sources said.

They are considering the possibility of DaimlerChrysler
acquiring as much as 33.4%, which would give the company a
veto on key issues raised at Nissan Motor shareholders'
meetings, they said.

The sources said the two companies still have to clear some
hurdles before reaching a final accord including ways to
reduce Nissan Motor's huge liabilities, totaling some 1
trillion yen, as well as how to resolve the problem of
excess production capacity and personnel.

Nissan Diesel Motor, owned 39.8% by Nissan Motor, is also
laden with substantial cumulative debts.

According to the sources, Nissan Motor is likely to issue
new shares to DaimlerChrysler. At the current share price
of Nissan Motor, the purchase of a 10% stake by
DaimlerChrysler would entail some 100 billion yen in
investment, and a 33.4% interest would require more than
300 billion yen.

Nissan Motor could use these funds to cut down on its own
debts or those of Nissan Diesel, the sources said.

Major credit rating agencies have assigned the lowest
investment grade to Nissan Motor. If talks on the final
agreement fail, Nissan Motor could face the risk of its
debt issues being given a speculative grade, making it
extremely difficult to raise funds in the capital market.

Expecting an unconsolidated net loss of 10 billion yen in
fiscal 1998, Nissan has mapped out a restructuring plan
including a 30% cut in models and a partial sale of its
head office building. (Kyodo News 24-Feb-1999)


ZEXEL: Bosch takes majority control
-----------------------------------
Robert Bosch, Europe's biggest automotive parts maker,
yesterday continued its expansion among stricken Asian
suppliers with agreement to buy majority control of Zexel,
a Japanese components company with sales of Y230bn.

Bosch, which already owned 31.75 percent of Zexel, will
spend Y20.16bn on 90m new shares, priced at Y224 each,
taking its holding to 50.04 percent.

The deal, which is subject to approval by competition
authorities, should be completed in April. Merrill Lynch
were advisers to Bosch.

The price compares with last night's close of Y217, down
Y18 or 7.16 percent on the day. The deal, including the
newly issued shares, values heavily indebted Zexel at
Y75.2bn or $625m.

The move marks the latest step in the consolidation of
Japan's troubled components industry.

It also underlines the increasing ability of foreign
manufactures to take over Japanese counterparts at a times
of growing difficulties for the country's motor industry.

Zexel yesterday warned it would post a consolidated net
loss o Y8bn this year on sales of Y23-bn. Brokers Morgan
Stanley Dean Witter estimate that at the end of the last
financial year the group had gearing of 86 percent, one of
the highest ratios among Japan's components makers. Lest
September, Zexel had borrowings and liabilities of 147bn.

Nissan, Japan's second largest automotive company and part
of the troubled Fuyo Keiretsu, owns 11.1 percent of Zexel.
In recent months the carmaker, struggling under debts of at
least Y2,500bn, has sold stakes in other component
suppliers. (Financial Times 24-Feb-1999)


=========
K O R E A
=========

LG METALS: LME gamble cause of record loss
------------------------------------------
South Korea's LG Metals Corp notched up huge trading      
losses on the London Metal Exchange (LME) which     
contributed to the company plunging a record 783 billion
won (S$1.1 billion) into the red last year, traders said
yesterday.

Traders who dealt with the company in its LME futures and
options business said it appeared that LG had been caught
on the wrong side of the market as large copper and
aluminium positions moved against it.

Officials with LG Metals in Seoul declined to comment on
whether its loss was LME trade-related, something they have
denied in the past. An LME spokesman dismissed as
speculation the idea that the loss was run up on the
exchange.

The company, South Korea's biggest metals producer and
trader, said on Monday it had posted a record net loss of
782.58 billion won in 1998.

It blamed higher interest payments on its debts as the
country's financial crisis developed early last year. But
London traders said LG's losing streak began in 1996 as it
became the biggest speculator in an LME copper futures
market fast turning against it.

The LME's director of corporate affairs, Jonathan Haslam,
said it was speculation to suggest that LG's loss had been
incurred on the exchange. (Reuters and Singapore Business
Times 24-Feb-1999)


LOTUS FOOTWEAR: To close up shop in Philippines
-----------------------------------------------
Two shoe-manufacturing firms at the Bataan Economic Zone
(BEZ) in Mariveles are poised to close shop citing huge
losses due to high production cost and lack of foreign
market. Lotus Footwear which is under the Korean-owned Han
Mi Group of Companies filed a notice of closure effective
March 4. Another Korean shoe company, P.K. Exports, also
filed a notice of temporary shutdown effective February 27
to March 29 due to lack of raw materials.

Regarding Lotus Footwear, Soldevilla said the management
has offered its 438 workers to either be absorbed by its
sister company, L & L Lawrence Footwear or be given 15-day
separation pay per year of service.

L & L Lawrence with Bataan Rubber, Lotus and Shoe city, all
located at the Bataan Economic Zone, belong to the Han Mi
Group.

Lino del Rosario, senior vice-president of L & L Lawrence,
said Lotus' losses last year was about P110 million as a
result of the global economic crisis.
(BusinessWorld 24-Feb-1999)


P.K. EXPORTS: Temporary shutdown in Philippines
-----------------------------------------------
Two shoe-manufacturing firms at the Bataan Economic Zone
(BEZ) in Mariveles are poised to close shop citing huge
losses due to high production cost and lack of foreign
market. Lotus Footwear which is under the Korean-owned Han
Mi Group of Companies filed a notice of closure effective
March 4. Another Korean shoe company, P.K. Exports, also
filed a notice of temporary shutdown effective February 27
to March 29 due to lack of raw materials.

Raul Soldevilla, chief of BEZ's industrial relations
division, said P.K. Exports had been suffering losses
running to millions of pesos after the fall of Nike shoes
in the world market. P.K. manufacturers shoes for Philips
Export International which is based in the Cavite Economic
Zone.

Soldevilla said P.K. has so far retrenched about 300
workers at its factory in Mariveles. The company has
advised its 767 remaining workers to report for work on
March 29 to find out if the plant will continue with its
operation or finally close down.

Sae Chae Lee, president of Han Mi, told local mediamen that
demand for Nike shoes in the world market has dramatically
gone down. (BusinessWorld 24-Feb-1999)


===============
M A L A Y S I A
===============

FABER GROUP: In default of RM240m in loans
------------------------------------------
Faber Group Bhd said it is in default of loans totalling
240.3 million Malaysian ringgit (S$108.7 million), of which
RM5.9 million constituted interest obligations. In a
statement to the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, Faber said
the default has given rise to a cross default on other loan
facilities. The company said it is unable to service its
debt obligations due to its tight cashflow following the
economic slowdown. Faber said it is currently in the
process of planning a debt restructuring scheme. (AFX-Asia
and Singapore Business Times 24-Feb-1999)


=====================
P H I L I P P I N E S
=====================

PILIPINO TELEPHONE: PILTEL expects big loss
-------------------------------------------
The Asian Wall Street Journal reported that the Pilipino
Telephone Company (PILTEL), the mobile-telephone unit of
the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), is
bracing for the report of a substantial loss in 1998.  
PILTEL posted a 620.8 million peso loss in 1997 and is
currently negotiation with its creditors to restructure 38
billion pesos in debt.  

PILTEL met with its creditors on Friday to discuss
financial restructuring. A steering committee was formed by
creditors who will consider restructuring proposals.
Additionally, PLDT yesterday offered to inject two billion
pesos in this company in exchange for creditors giving
extra time to PILTEL to work out a rehabilitation plan.

Earlier reports stated that most of PILTEL's loans are
unsecured, and that it could not make a recent loan payment
to Marubeni Corporation of Japan. Marubeni supplied and
installed PILTEL's  fixed line network and is owed around
11 billion pesos by the phone company. About one-third of
PILTEL's debt are loans from the Marubeni Corporation,
another third from a syndicate of banks, and the rest in is
in the form of convertible bonds.  

PILTEL, which has the second largest subscriber base in the
Philippines, has reportedly had trouble with subscriber
fraud and heavy debt payments.  


=================
S I N G A P O R E
=================

IPC CORP: Finalising terms of debt revamp
-----------------------------------------
IPC Corporation said it is close to finalising the terms of
a scheme to restructure its debts. This follows the
appointment of Price Waterhouse (PW) as financial adviser
in July last year. The company has worked with PW on the
debt revamp and rationalisation of the group's businesses.
It said the process took longer than expected because of
the number of banks involved and consequently there were
many issues that had to be addressed to the satisfaction of
the banks. IPC will make prompt disclosure of the terms and
details of the restructuring scheme the moment it is
finalised. (Singapore Business Times 24-Feb-1999)


ST CAPITAL: Loss deepens to $33.4m
----------------------------------
ST Capital, a member of the Singapore Technologies group      
of companies, has fallen deeper into the red with a hefty      
$33.4 million loss for the year ended Dec 31, 1998 -- no
thanks to provisions totalling $35.6 million. In 1997, the
group reported a $26.5 million loss. Interest income in
1998 tumbled 34.7 per cent to $37.6 million from $57.5
million.

The company's results are significantly poorer than the
$11.1 million profit forecast by Merrill Lynch in
February's issue of The Estimate Directory.

ST Capital said net interest income was "adversely
affected" by the high Singapore dollar interest rate
during the first half of 1998.

The lower net interest income was also caused by the
smaller earnings asset base with the sale of debt papers
and investments during the middle of last year, it added.

It also noted that an additional $8.2 million in net
provisions was made, mainly for non-performing loans in the
second half of last year, bringing total provisions to
$35.6 million. (Singapore Business Times 24-Feb-1999


VICKERS BALLAS: Vickers Ballas net profit nosedives
---------------------------------------------------
Vickers Ballas Holdings, one of Singapore's largest
brokerages which became part of Singapore Technologies       
Pte Ltd last year, saw its profits nearly wiped out last
year as the regional financial crisis took a toll on stock
markets in Asia.

The broking firm yesterday reported a 99.4 per cent plunge
in group net profits to $283,000 for the year ended Dec 31,
from $45.6 million in 1997. The dismal performance came on
the back of a 47 per cent dive in sales to $213.9 million.

Vickers directors warned that the regional outlook remains
uncertain and its core brokerage income and related revenue
could be affected. They said the voluntary takeover of ST
Capital Ltd last year which resulted in Singapore
Technologies Pte Ltd becoming a major shareholder, had
strengthened its origination and fund management
capabilities.

This year, they added, could see a better performance.

Reviewing the results, Vickers noted that improved business
conditions in the second half of last year helped reverse a
first-half operating loss of $47.5 million. It provided
$61.9 million for doubtful debts and $18.6 million for
falls in value of short-term investments during the first
six months.

But with the stock markets of Singapore and Malaysia
rallying towards the end of 1998, the firm was able to
write back provisions of $15.8 million for doubtful debts
and $14.2 million for short-term investments.

Group pre-tax profits for the year stood at $25.2 million.
Vickers said it had to provide for higher taxation as
losses made by certain subsidiaries could not be used to
offset against profits of other group companies. There were
also expenses which could not be deducted for tax purposes.
The realisation of deferred tax benefits for the general
provisions of contingency and doubtful trade debts also
added to the tax provisions. (Singapore Business Times
24-Feb-1999)


===============
T H A I L A N D
===============

INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORP: Results announcement                
---------------------------------------------
The Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand reports
audited annual financial statements as a net loss of
Bt4.69bn for the period ending December 31, 1998. This
compares with a profit of Bt611m for the corresponding 1997
period. (Stock Exchange of Thailand 24-Feb-1999)


SIAM CEMENT: '99 profit may fall 73% to baht 10.29bn
----------------------------------------------------
Siam Cement's (SCC) net profit in 1999 is expected to
significantly fall by 73 percent from the previous year to
10.29 billion baht due mainly to substantial reduction in
foreign exchange gains compared to those recognized in
1998, according to Securities One's research.

The research, predicted that SCC's net profit for 1998
would stand at 37.49 billion baht.

The research predicted that SCC's net profit in 2000 would
be 6.24 billion baht due to negligeable forex gains.
(Business Day [Thailand] 24-Feb-1999)


THAI PETROCHEMICAL: Seeks relief in restructuring
-------------------------------------------------
According to the South China Morning Post, Thai
Petrochemical Industry (TPI) wants to restructure US$3.2
billion in debt to provide a short-term reprieve by
reducing financing costs at a time of record low chemical
prices. The company has proposed debt-for-equity swap and
extension of its payment period and the plan is awaiting
approval by creditors.

Analysts said it may also need to find strategic partners
to get fresh funds. Concern was also expressed over its
management style and business focus.

TPI borrowed heavily in the early 1990s to pay for the
building of an integrated complex of refining units and
crackers producing ethylene and propylene.

The plants were commissioned in 1997, the time of the
economic crisis.

With the rocketing of foreign debt following the
devaluation of the baht amidst a slump in domestic and
regional demand and low prices for chemical products, the
company declared a debt moratorium in August 1997.

The debt default sent shockwaves through financial markets
because a combined foreign currency debt of more than $4.2
billion was owed by the TPI group, an umbrella conglomerate
grouping TPI with sister companies in the oil and cement
businesses. As such, it is one of the largest private-
sector debtors in Thailand.

TPI proposed a debt restructuring plan last December that
would give creditors 30 per cent of the firm by converting
part of the debt into equity. The company also proposed to
extend the debt repayment to five years for short-term debt
of about 42 billion baht.

Negotiations over the plan were held with the World Bank
and the International Finance Corp and final approval by
the other creditors will soon be sought.


S U B S C R I P T I O N   I N F O R M A T I O N

Troubled Company Reporter -- Asia Pacific is a daily
newsletter co-published by Bankruptcy Creditors' Service,
Inc., Princeton, NJ USA, and Beard Group, Inc., Washington,
DC USA.  Debra Brennan and Lexy Mueller, Editors.

Copyright 1999.  All rights reserved.  ISSN: 1520-9482.  

This material is copyrighted and any commercial use,
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